topic 7: ENERGY Sources - ​uses and management

Pictureimage from www.inflexwetrust.com
The current cycle of global warming is changing the rhythms of climate that all living things have come to rely upon. What will we do to slow this warming? How will we cope with the changes we've already set into motion? While we struggle to figure it all out, the face of the Earth as we know it—coasts, forests, farms, and snow-capped mountains—hangs in the balance.

In this unit you will evaluate the role of greenhouse gases, the effects of rising global temperatures and the arguments associated with global warming. This issue involves the international community working together to research and reduce the effects of global warming.
​This unit is a minimum of 3 hours.
Guiding Questions:
  • To what extent can energy consumption be equitable across the world?
  • How can energy production be sustainable?
Understanding

energy sources

7.2.1 Energy sources are both renewable and non-renewable.
  • Define Renewable energy source
  • Define Non-renewable energy source
  • Explain how hydropower converts potential energy into electricity.
Picturehttps://energyeducation.ca/encyclopedia/Earth%27s_energy_flow
​All energy on Earth comes from our Sun. The Sun's energy drives the limate, geochemical cycles, photosynthesis, and all life.

Fossil fuels are simply stored solar energy. These non-renewable energy sources are the dompressed, decomposed remains of organic life from millions of years ago.

Most of the energy we ned to power the world economy and supply our own requriemtns cones from fissil fuels
Energy is the driving force behind modern society, powering everything from our homes to our industries. This energy can be broadly classified into two categories: kinetic energy and potential energy.
  • Kinetic energy is the energy of motion, which can be observed in moving objects like a spinning turbine. It also includes forms of energy such as radiant energy (light) and thermal energy (heat), which are crucial in many energy conversion processes.
  • Potential energy is stored energy, which has the potential to do work when released. For example, a reservoir of water behind a dam holds potential energy that can be converted into kinetic energy as the water flows down, driving turbines to generate electricity. Other forms of potential energy include chemical energy, stored in fuels like coal and oil, and nuclear energy, stored in the nuclei of atoms.

Energy Conversion to ElectricityMost of the energy from both renewable and non-renewable sources is converted into electricity, which is a versatile form of energy that can be easily transported and used across various applications. The process typically involves converting the raw energy source into mechanical energy (e.g., the rotation of a turbine), which is then converted into electrical energy using a generator.
For example:
  • Wind turbines convert wind energy into mechanical energy by turning blades, which rotate a generator to produce electricity.
  • Solar panels convert sunlight directly into electrical energy through photovoltaic cells.
  • Coal power plants burn coal to produce steam, which turns turbines connected to generators, producing electricity.

Understanding these fundamental concepts helps to differentiate between the sources of energy—whether they are renewable or non-renewable—and how they are harnessed to meet the growing global demand for electricity.
Energy sources can be broadly categorized into two types: renewable and non-renewable. Understanding these sources is crucial as we navigate the challenges of energy sustainability and environmental impact.

Renewable energy sources are those that can be replenished naturally within a human lifespan. They harness natural processes that are continuously occurring in the environment. The key renewable energy sources include:
  • ​Wind Energy: Captured using wind turbines, wind energy converts kinetic energy from the wind into electricity. Wind farms are commonly located in areas with consistent wind patterns, such as coastal regions or open plains.
  • Solar Energy: Solar panels convert sunlight directly into electricity through photovoltaic cells. Solar energy is abundant and can be harnessed almost anywhere on Earth, though its efficiency depends on the availability of sunlight.
  • Tidal Energy: Tidal energy harnesses the power of ocean tides, driven by the gravitational pull of the moon and the sun. Tidal turbines placed in coastal areas convert the kinetic energy of moving water into electricity.
  • Wood (Biomass): Biomass energy comes from organic materials such as wood, agricultural crops, and waste. When these materials are burned or processed, they release energy that can be used for heating, electricity, or fuel.
  • Geothermal Energy: This type of energy taps into the Earth’s internal heat, often found in volcanic regions. Geothermal plants use steam produced from underground reservoirs of hot water to drive turbines and generate electricity.
  • Hydropower: Hydropower is generated by the movement of water, typically in rivers or dams. The flowing water turns turbines, which in turn generate electricity. Hydropower is one of the most widely used renewable energy sources.
Non-renewable energy sources are finite and cannot be replenished within a human timescale once they are depleted. The key non-renewable energy sources include:
  1. Nuclear Energy: Nuclear power is generated through nuclear fission, where the nuclei of atoms (usually uranium or plutonium) are split to release a large amount of energy. This energy is used to produce steam, which drives turbines to generate electricity. Nuclear energy is considered low-carbon but poses challenges such as radioactive waste disposal and the potential for catastrophic accidents.
  2. Fossil Fuels: Fossil fuels—coal, oil, and natural gas—are formed from the remains of ancient plants and animals over millions of years. These fuels are burned to release energy, which is used to generate electricity, power vehicles, and heat buildings. However, the extraction and combustion of fossil fuels are major contributors to environmental pollution and climate change.
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image from Forbes
Activity: Create a table that describes the various energy sources. List the advantages an disadvantages of each
7.2.2 Global energy consumption is rising with increasing population and with per capita demand.
  • Describe the role of fossil fuels in the production of steel and concrete.
  • Discuss why the transition away from fossil fuels might be particularly challenging for developing countries
​Global energy consumption is on the rise, driven by both population growth and increasing per capita energy demand. This surge in energy use presents a significant challenge: how to meet the growing demand in a sustainable manner. While fossil fuels continue to dominate the global energy landscape, the shift towards renewable energy sources is gaining momentum. However, the critical role of fossil fuels in industries like steel, concrete, and synthetic fertilizer production suggests that a complete transition away from these energy sources will be difficult in the near future. Addressing the dual challenge of increasing energy demand and environmental sustainability requires a combination of changing energy production resources and reducing overall consumption, both globally and locally.
Rising Global Energy Consumption
  • Population Growth and Per Capita Demand:
    • Population Growth: The global population continues to grow, particularly in developing countries, leading to increased demand for energy. More people mean greater energy requirements for homes, transportation, industry, and agriculture.
    • Per Capita Demand: As countries develop, per capita energy consumption tends to rise. This is especially evident in emerging economies where rising living standards and industrialization drive higher energy use for activities such as transportation, manufacturing, and residential heating/cooling.
  • Current Energy Supply Dominated by Fossil Fuels:
    • Fossil Fuels: Fossil fuels—coal, oil, and natural gas—remain the primary sources of global energy, accounting for the majority of electricity generation and industrial energy needs. These fuels are integral to the production of essential materials like steel and concrete, and the manufacturing of synthetic fertilizers, which are crucial for global food production.
    • Dependence on Fossil Fuels: The infrastructure for fossil fuel extraction, refining, and distribution is deeply embedded in the global economy. As a result, even as renewable energy sources grow, the world is likely to continue relying on fossil fuels for several decades, particularly in heavy industries that require high energy inputs.

The Role of Fossil Fuels in Industry
  • Steel, Concrete, and Synthetic Fertilizers:
    • Steel and Concrete: The production of steel and concrete, essential materials for construction and infrastructure, relies heavily on fossil fuels. Coal is a key input in steel production (via the blast furnace method), while cement production (a major component of concrete) involves the energy-intensive calcination process, often fueled by coal or natural gas.
    • Synthetic Fertilizers: The Haber-Bosch process, used to produce synthetic fertilizers, depends on natural gas as a hydrogen source. These fertilizers are critical for modern agriculture, feeding billions of people worldwide. The energy-intensive nature of these industries makes it difficult to eliminate fossil fuel use without significant technological advances.
  • Continued Dependence:
    • Economic and Technical Barriers: The continued reliance on fossil fuels in these industries is partly due to the lack of commercially viable alternatives that can match the energy density and efficiency of fossil fuels. Innovations such as hydrogen-based steel production or carbon capture and storage (CCS) are being explored but are not yet widely adopted.
​The Rise of Renewable Energy
  • Increasing Contribution of Renewables:
    • Renewable Energy Growth: Despite the dominance of fossil fuels, renewable energy sources like wind, solar, hydropower, and geothermal are becoming increasingly important. Global investment in renewables is rising as countries seek to reduce greenhouse gas emissions and transition to more sustainable energy systems.
    • Advantages of Renewables: Renewable energy sources offer a cleaner alternative to fossil fuels, producing little to no greenhouse gases during operation. They also reduce dependence on finite resources and can enhance energy security by diversifying the energy mix.
  • Challenges of Renewables:
    • Intermittency and Storage: One of the main challenges of renewable energy is its intermittency—wind and solar power depend on weather conditions, which can be unpredictable. To ensure a reliable energy supply, advancements in energy storage technologies (e.g., batteries, pumped hydro) and grid management are necessary.
    • Transition Costs: Transitioning from fossil fuels to renewable energy requires significant investment in new infrastructure, technology development, and workforce retraining. These costs can be a barrier, especially in developing nations where financial resources are limited.
Activity: Compare two countries (one with high energy use like the USA, and one with lower energy use like Kenya). Explain how energy consumption per capita varies based on industrialization, population, and economic factors.
7.2.3 The sustainability of energy sources varies significantly.
  • Explain two environmental impacts of coal mining and usage that affect its sustainability.
  • Outline two reasons why nuclear energy is considered a low-carbon energy source
​The sustainability of energy sources is a key factor in the global shift towards a more sustainable energy future. Different energy sources, whether non-renewable or renewable, have varying levels of sustainability, each with its own set of benefits and environmental costs. Sustainability in energy refers not only to the longevity of the resource but also to the environmental, economic, and social impacts of its extraction, use, and disposal. This understanding examines the relative sustainability of key energy sources—coal, oil, natural gas, rare earth elements, nuclear energy, solar energy, and one other renewable source—highlighting the associated environmental costs and challenges of environmental restoration.
Picturehttps://resourceworld.com/coal-production-update/
Coal
  • Sustainability Considerations:
    • Finite Resource: Coal is a non-renewable resource with large reserves still available, but it is being depleted at a rate that cannot be replenished within a human timescale, limiting its sustainability.
    • Environmental Impact: Coal mining and burning have significant environmental impacts, including habitat destruction, air and water pollution, and the highest carbon dioxide emissions per unit of energy among fossil fuels, contributing substantially to climate change. The environmental restoration of coal mining sites, such as reforestation and land reclamation, is complex and costly.
  • Examples of Environmental Costs:
    • Extraction: Surface mining (such as strip mining and mountaintop removal) can lead to large-scale habitat destruction, while underground mining poses risks to miners and can lead to subsidence, impacting the landscape and infrastructure above.
    • Burning: Burning coal in power plants releases a large amount of carbon dioxide, sulfur dioxide, nitrogen oxides, and particulate matter, leading to air pollution and acid rain. The disposal of coal ash, a byproduct of coal combustion, poses additional environmental hazards.
    • End-of-Life Management: Abandoned coal mines can continue to release harmful substances like methane and heavy metals into the environment, requiring ongoing monitoring and remediation.
Picturehttps://www.bloomberg.com/news/articles/2023-08-08/us-forecasts-record-oil-production-helping-counter-saudi-cuts
Oil
  • Sustainability Considerations:
    • Finite Resource: Like coal, oil is a non-renewable resource with finite reserves. The extraction and processing of oil are energy-intensive and environmentally damaging, making it less sustainable in the long term.
    • Environmental Impact: Oil extraction, refining, and transportation have significant environmental costs, including the risk of oil spills, air and water pollution, and greenhouse gas emissions. The process of environmental restoration after oil extraction, such as soil remediation and spill cleanup, is often difficult and expensive.
  • Examples of Environmental Costs:
    • Extraction: Offshore and onshore drilling can lead to oil spills, which can devastate marine and terrestrial ecosystems. The infrastructure required for extraction, such as roads and pipelines, can also disrupt natural habitats.
    • Refining: The refining of crude oil into products like gasoline, diesel, and jet fuel releases toxic pollutants into the air and water. Refineries are often located near vulnerable communities, leading to environmental justice concerns.
    • Transportation: Transporting oil, particularly by tanker ships, carries the risk of major oil spills, such as the Exxon Valdez spill, which can cause long-term damage to marine environments.
    • End-of-Life Management: Abandoned oil wells can leak pollutants into surrounding soil and groundwater, and oil-contaminated sites require extensive and costly remediation efforts.
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Natural Gas
  • Sustainability Considerations:
    • Finite Resource: Natural gas is another non-renewable resource, but it is often considered the "cleanest" of the fossil fuels because it emits less carbon dioxide per unit of energy produced. However, its extraction and use still present significant sustainability challenges.
    • Environmental Impact: The extraction of natural gas, especially through hydraulic fracturing (fracking), has considerable environmental risks, including groundwater contamination, air pollution, and induced seismic activity. The combustion of natural gas, while cleaner than coal or oil, still contributes to greenhouse gas emissions.
  • Examples of Environmental Costs:
    • Extraction: Hydraulic fracturing involves injecting high-pressure fluid into shale formations to release natural gas. This process can lead to groundwater contamination with chemicals, methane leaks, and small earthquakes. The environmental restoration of fracking sites is challenging, especially in terms of water treatment and land reclamation.
    • Transportation and Storage: Natural gas is transported through pipelines, which can leak methane, a potent greenhouse gas. Liquefaction and regasification for transport in liquefied natural gas (LNG) form require significant energy and pose risks of explosions.
    • Combustion: While burning natural gas releases less carbon dioxide than coal or oil, it still emits significant amounts of carbon dioxide and methane, contributing to climate change.
    • End-of-Life Management: Abandoned gas wells can leak methane into the atmosphere, and the infrastructure associated with natural gas extraction and transportation can leave long-term environmental footprints.
Picturehttps://www.ft.com/content/b13a3c4e-e80b-4a5c-aa6f-0c6cc87df638
Rare Earth Elements
  • Sustainability Considerations:
    • Critical for Technology: Rare earth elements (REEs) are essential for many modern technologies, including renewable energy technologies like wind turbines and electric vehicles. However, their extraction and processing are environmentally damaging and often involve hazardous chemicals.
    • Finite Availability: While not as rapidly depletable as fossil fuels, REEs are still limited in availability, and their extraction is concentrated in a few countries, leading to geopolitical concerns and supply chain vulnerabilities.
  • Examples of Environmental Costs:
    • Mining and Processing: The extraction of REEs involves the removal of large amounts of earth, leading to habitat destruction and significant energy use. The processing of REEs often involves toxic chemicals, resulting in waste that can contaminate soil and water.
    • Waste Management: The by-products of REE mining and processing, including radioactive waste, are challenging to manage and can pose long-term environmental and health risks.
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Nuclear Energy
  • Sustainability Considerations:
    • Low Carbon Emissions: Nuclear energy is a low-carbon energy source, making it a more sustainable option in terms of reducing greenhouse gas emissions. However, it is not without significant challenges.
    • Finite Resource: Nuclear energy relies on uranium, which is a finite resource. While there is enough uranium to meet current needs for several decades, it is ultimately non-renewable.
    • Environmental and Safety Concerns: The mining of uranium, radioactive waste management, and the risk of nuclear accidents are major concerns that impact the overall sustainability of nuclear energy.
  • Examples of Environmental Costs:
    • Uranium Mining: Like fossil fuels, uranium mining can lead to habitat destruction, soil contamination, and water pollution. The environmental restoration of uranium mines is costly and complex.
    • Nuclear Waste: The disposal of nuclear waste poses a significant challenge, as it remains radioactive for thousands of years. Long-term storage solutions are still a subject of debate and concern.
    • Accidents and Decommissioning: Nuclear accidents, such as those at Chernobyl and Fukushima, have long-lasting environmental impacts. Decommissioning old nuclear plants is also costly and requires careful management to avoid environmental contamination.
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Solar Energy
  • Sustainability Considerations:
    • Renewable and Abundant: Solar energy is a highly sustainable source of energy in terms of resource availability, as sunlight is abundant and inexhaustible. Solar panels convert sunlight into electricity without emitting greenhouse gases during operation.
    • Intermittency and Efficiency: Solar energy's sustainability is challenged by its intermittency—solar panels only generate electricity when the sun is shining. Technological advancements are improving efficiency, but energy storage solutions are needed to ensure a reliable supply.
  • Examples of Environmental Costs:
    • Manufacturing and Transportation: The production of solar panels requires significant energy and involves the use of hazardous materials such as cadmium and lead. The transportation of solar panels also has an environmental footprint.
    • End-of-Life Management: Solar panels have a lifespan of about 25-30 years, after which they need to be disposed of or recycled. The recycling process is still developing, and improper disposal can lead to the release of toxic substances.
    • Land Use: Large-scale solar farms require significant land areas, which can lead to habitat loss if not carefully managed.
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Wind Energy 
  • Sustainability Considerations:
    • Renewable and Clean: Wind energy is a renewable source of power with no direct emissions during operation. Wind turbines can generate electricity as long as the wind blows, making them a sustainable option for reducing reliance on fossil fuels.
    • Intermittency and Site Dependence: Like solar energy, wind energy is intermittent and depends on specific geographic locations where wind speeds are sufficient to generate electricity efficiently.
  • Examples of Environmental Costs:
    • Construction and Installation: The construction and installation of wind turbines require significant energy and materials, including steel and concrete. The transportation of these large components to often remote locations can also have a substantial environmental impact.
    • End-of-Life Management: Wind turbines have a lifespan of about 20-25 years. The disposal or recycling of turbine blades, which are made from composite materials, is challenging due to their size and material composition.
    • Wildlife Impact: Wind turbines can pose a threat to wildlife, particularly birds and bats, which may collide with the spinning blades.

Energy choices

7.2.4 A variety of factors will affect the energy choices that a country makes.​
Pictureimage from North Atlantic Treaty Organization
Worldwide demand for energy is high and rising by about 2% per year. This growing need for energy, driven by global economic development and population growth, puts immense pressure on existing energy resources, particularly fossil fuels, which are finite and will eventually run short.

The volatility of energy prices and the uncertainties of political changes pose significant risks for governments. To mitigate these risks, countries aim to diversify their energy sources, spreading the risk across multiple options rather than relying heavily on a single source.Energy sources are not evenly distributed across the globe, with fossil fuel deposits concentrated in specific regions—coal in China and the US, oil in the Middle East, and natural gas in Russia and Qatar. This uneven distribution means that many countries must rely on energy imports, which can be a stable arrangement during times of peace and economic stability. However, dependency on other nations for energy can become a significant vulnerability in times of political unrest or economic disruption.

Given these complexities, the energy choices that a country makes are influenced by a variety of factors, including sustainability, economic cost, pollution, energy efficiency, availability, and energy security. These factors vary significantly between countries depending on their unique geographical, economic, political, and social contexts. 

HICs have higher energy demands than LICs, as they depend on energy for transport, heating, air-conditioning, cooking and all other aspects of their lives

Summary of Key Factors Influencing Energy Choices
  1. Availability of Supply: The accessibility of energy resources determines a society’s reliance on certain energy sources based on what is readily available within its borders.
  2. Technological Development: Advancements in technology enable more efficient energy production, better energy storage, and reduced environmental impact, influencing the viability of different energy sources.
  3. Politics: Government policies, regulations, and international relations shape energy choices through subsidies, restrictions, and considerations of energy security.
  4. Economics: The cost of energy production and infrastructure investment drives energy choices, balancing affordability with long-term economic benefits.
  5. Cultural Attitudes: Public perception and social preferences impact energy policy, with cultural values influencing the acceptance of various energy sources.
  6. Sustainability: The focus on long-term resource management and minimizing environmental harm leads societies to favor renewable and sustainable energy sources.
  7. Environmental Considerations: Concerns about pollution, ecosystem protection, and climate change drive the shift towards cleaner energy sources and stricter regulations on fossil fuels.
Advantages and Disadvantages of Energy Sources
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Germany

Energy Profile: Germany is a highly industrialized country with a strong focus on sustainability and reducing carbon emissions. It is a leader in renewable energy adoption but still relies on a mix of energy sources, including coal, natural gas, and nuclear power.
  • Sustainability:
    • Advantage: Germany has made significant investments in renewable energy, particularly wind and solar power, which are sustainable and have a low environmental impact. The country's "Energiewende" policy aims to transition to a low-carbon, renewable energy-based economy.
    • Disadvantage: Despite these efforts, Germany still relies on coal for a significant portion of its energy needs. The phase-out of nuclear power, planned to be completed by 2022, has led to increased coal consumption, which undermines sustainability goals.
  • Economic Cost:
    • Advantage: Germany's strong economy can support large investments in renewable energy infrastructure and technology. The long-term economic benefits of renewables, such as reduced fuel costs and lower carbon taxes, are seen as a worthwhile investment.
    • Disadvantage: The initial costs of transitioning to renewable energy sources have been high, leading to increased energy prices for consumers. This has sparked debates about the economic feasibility of the Energiewende.
  • Pollution:
    • Advantage: Renewable energy sources like wind and solar produce minimal pollution during operation, contributing to cleaner air and reduced greenhouse gas emissions.
    • Disadvantage: Germany's continued use of coal, particularly lignite (brown coal), which is one of the most polluting fossil fuels, leads to significant air pollution and carbon emissions.
  • Energy Efficiency:
    • Advantage: Germany has implemented stringent energy efficiency standards across various sectors, including buildings, industry, and transportation, reducing overall energy demand and enhancing the sustainability of its energy system.
    • Disadvantage: The intermittent nature of renewable energy sources like wind and solar requires backup power, often from less efficient fossil fuel plants, which can reduce overall energy efficiency.
  • Availability:
    • Advantage: Germany has abundant resources for wind and solar energy, particularly in the northern and eastern regions, making these renewable sources highly available.
    • Disadvantage: Germany lacks significant domestic fossil fuel resources, making it dependent on imports for oil and natural gas, which can be a vulnerability in terms of availability.
  • Energy Security:
    • Advantage: By increasing its share of renewable energy, Germany is reducing its reliance on imported fossil fuels, thereby enhancing its energy security.
    • Disadvantage: The planned phase-out of nuclear power and the intermittent nature of renewables pose challenges to maintaining a stable and secure energy supply, especially during periods of low renewable energy production.
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Saudi Arabia

Energy Profile: Saudi Arabia is one of the world's largest producers and exporters of oil, with a heavily fossil fuel-based energy system. The country is exploring renewable energy options but remains reliant on oil and natural gas for its energy needs and economic stability.
  • Sustainability:
    • Advantage: Saudi Arabia's vast oil reserves provide a stable and reliable source of energy for the foreseeable future. The country is also investing in solar energy, taking advantage of its high solar irradiance, which offers a sustainable alternative.
    • Disadvantage: The reliance on fossil fuels, particularly oil, is unsustainable in the long term due to finite resources and the environmental impact of carbon emissions. The country's heavy investment in fossil fuel infrastructure makes a rapid transition to renewables challenging.
  • Economic Cost:
    • Advantage: The cost of oil production in Saudi Arabia is among the lowest in the world, providing a significant economic advantage. Revenues from oil exports are a major source of income for the country.
    • Disadvantage: The economy's heavy dependence on oil revenues makes it vulnerable to fluctuations in global oil prices. The high initial investment required for transitioning to renewable energy sources, such as solar, poses an economic challenge.
  • Pollution:
    • Advantage: Efforts to integrate more renewable energy, particularly solar power, could significantly reduce pollution levels in the future.
    • Disadvantage: The extensive use of oil and natural gas for electricity generation and desalination plants contributes to significant air pollution and greenhouse gas emissions, impacting both local and global environments.
  • Energy Efficiency:
    • Advantage: Saudi Arabia has the potential to improve energy efficiency by modernizing its energy infrastructure and adopting more energy-efficient technologies, particularly in the industrial and residential sectors.
    • Disadvantage: Currently, energy efficiency is relatively low due to the widespread availability of cheap oil, leading to overconsumption and wastage of energy resources.
  • Availability:
    • Advantage: Saudi Arabia has vast reserves of oil and natural gas, ensuring a readily available supply of energy. The country's geographic location also provides excellent conditions for solar energy production.
    • Disadvantage: The focus on fossil fuels limits the diversification of energy sources, making the country dependent on a single resource, which could be a disadvantage as global energy dynamics shift.
  • Energy Security:
    • Advantage: Saudi Arabia’s control over significant oil reserves provides a high level of energy security, both for domestic consumption and export purposes.
    • Disadvantage: The country’s reliance on a single energy source (oil) for its energy security makes it vulnerable to geopolitical tensions, shifts in global oil demand, and the long-term decline of fossil fuel us
Activity: Consider the advantages and disadvantages of the energy sources that may influence the energy choices of two contrasting named countries not listed here. Include sustainability, economic cost, pollution, energy efficiency, availability and energy security issues..
7.2.5 Intermittent energy production from some renewable sources creates the need for energy storage systems.
  • Explain how intermittent energy production from wind power can create challenges for maintaining a stable energy supply
  • Describe two advantages and one disadvantage of using pumped hydroelectricity storage (PHS) as an energy storage solution
​Renewable energy sources like wind and solar power are becoming increasingly important in the global energy mix due to their sustainability and low environmental impact. However, one of the main challenges associated with these energy sources is their intermittency—wind and sunlight are not always available when energy demand is high. This variability in energy production creates a need for effective energy storage systems that can store excess energy generated during periods of low demand and release it when demand is higher. Such systems are crucial for ensuring a stable and reliable energy supply, regardless of the fluctuating nature of renewable energy generation.

Intermittent Energy Production

Intermittency refers to the unpredictable and variable nature of some renewable energy sources. For example:
  • Wind Power: Wind turbines generate electricity only when the wind is blowing. Since wind speeds can vary significantly throughout the day and across seasons, the energy output from wind turbines is not constant.
  • Solar Power: Solar panels generate electricity when exposed to sunlight, but production drops significantly during cloudy weather and ceases entirely at night.
This intermittency poses challenges for maintaining a consistent energy supply, especially during periods of high demand, known as "peak demand."

The Need for Energy Storage Systems

To address the challenges of intermittent energy production, energy storage systems are essential. These systems store excess energy generated during periods of low demand or high production and release it when needed, ensuring that supply meets demand consistently. This process, known as "peak-shaving," helps level out the peaks and troughs in energy availability and demand.
Picturehttps://blog.yesenergy.com/yeblog/what-is-pumped-hydro-storage-and-how-does-it-work
Energy Storage Solution: Pumped Hydroelectricity Storage (PHS)

Overview: Pumped hydroelectricity storage (PHS) is one of the most widely used energy storage technologies. It leverages the potential energy of water in a closed-loop system to store and generate electricity. PHS facilities are typically located in areas with significant elevation differences, such as mountainous regions.

How PHS Works:
  1. Energy Storage (Pumping Mode): During periods of low electricity demand or when excess energy is produced (e.g., when wind or solar output is high), electricity is used to pump water from a lower reservoir to a higher reservoir. This process stores energy in the form of potential energy in the elevated water.
  2. Energy Release (Generation Mode): When electricity demand is high, or when renewable energy output is low, the stored water is released from the higher reservoir. As the water flows back down to the lower reservoir, it passes through turbines, generating electricity that can be fed into the grid to meet demand.
Advantages of PHS:
  • Large-Scale Storage: PHS can store large amounts of energy, making it suitable for balancing supply and demand over extended periods.
  • High Efficiency: PHS systems typically have high round-trip efficiency (about 70-85%), meaning that a significant portion of the energy used to pump the water is recovered during electricity generation.
  • Long Lifespan: PHS facilities have a long operational life, often lasting several decades with relatively low maintenance costs.
Challenges of PHS:
  • Geographic Limitations: PHS requires specific geographic conditions, such as significant elevation differences and access to large water reservoirs, which limits where it can be implemented.
  • Environmental Impact: The construction of PHS facilities can have environmental impacts, including the disruption of local ecosystems and the alteration of natural water flow patterns.
Other Energy Storage Solutions

While PHS is a well-established technology, other energy storage solutions are also used to manage intermittent energy production, including:
  • Batteries: Lithium-ion and other battery technologies are increasingly used for storing energy on a smaller scale, particularly for residential and commercial applications.
  • Fuel Cells: Fuel cells convert stored hydrogen into electricity, providing a flexible and scalable energy storage option.
  • Thermal Storage: Thermal energy storage systems store heat (or cold) for later use, which can then be converted back into electricity or used directly for heating or cooling.
Activity: Evaluate one example of storage solutions not listed here
7.2.6 Energy conservation and energy efficiency may allow a country to be less dependent on importing a resource.
  • Define Energy conservation
  • Define Energy efficiency
  • Describe two advantages of using low-energy intelligent lighting systems in buildings
Pictureimage from US Gas and Electric
Energy conservation and energy efficiency are crucial strategies that can help a country reduce its dependence on imported energy resources. By reducing overall energy consumption and making more efficient use of energy, countries can lower their energy demand, thus decreasing the need for foreign energy imports. Energy conservation involves behavioral changes that lead to reduced energy use, while energy efficiency refers to the adoption of technologies and designs that minimize energy waste. Both approaches contribute to energy security, environmental protection, and economic stability.

Energy Conservation

Energy conservation involves changing behaviors and practices to reduce energy consumption. It includes simple actions such as turning off lights when not in use, reducing the use of heating or air conditioning, and choosing alternative modes of transportation that consume less energy, such as public transit or cycling.

Example 1: Reducing Heating and Cooling Use
  • Description: One of the most effective forms of energy conservation is reducing the use of heating and air conditioning in homes and buildings. This can be achieved through behavioral changes such as setting thermostats to lower temperatures in winter and higher temperatures in summer, using fans instead of air conditioning, and wearing appropriate clothing for the season.
  • Effectiveness: Reducing heating and cooling use can significantly lower energy consumption, as these systems account for a large portion of residential and commercial energy use. For example, every degree Celsius reduction in heating can save about 10% of energy used for heating. In colder climates, adopting such measures can lead to substantial reductions in energy demand, thus reducing the need for imported natural gas or oil used for heating.
  • Additional Benefits: Beyond energy savings, this practice reduces greenhouse gas emissions and can lower household energy bills, providing both environmental and economic benefits.

Energy Efficiency

Energy efficiency involves using technology and design to perform the same tasks with less energy. It includes innovations in building design, lighting, transportation, and manufacturing that reduce energy waste.

Example 2: Low-Energy Intelligent Lighting
  • Description: Low-energy intelligent lighting systems, such as LED (Light Emitting Diode) lighting combined with smart controls, represent a significant advancement in energy efficiency. These systems use sensors and automation to adjust lighting based on occupancy and natural light availability, ensuring that lights are only used when necessary and at appropriate levels.
  • Effectiveness: LED lights use up to 75% less energy than traditional incandescent bulbs and last significantly longer, reducing both energy consumption and maintenance costs. When combined with smart controls, energy savings can be even greater, as lights are automatically dimmed or turned off in unoccupied spaces. In large buildings or urban areas, this can lead to a substantial reduction in electricity demand, decreasing reliance on imported energy sources, particularly in countries that depend on electricity generated from fossil fuels.
  • Additional Benefits: Besides energy savings, intelligent lighting systems improve lighting quality and reduce the environmental impact associated with the production and disposal of traditional light bulbs. The reduced energy demand also contributes to lower greenhouse gas emissions.

The Circular Economy and Design for Energy Efficiency

The circular economy is a model of production and consumption that emphasizes reusing, repairing, refurbishing, and recycling materials and products to extend their lifecycle. In terms of energy efficiency, designing goods and buildings with the circular economy in mind can significantly reduce the energy required throughout the lifecycle of a product—from production to disposal.
  • Example: Designing goods to be easily disassembled and recycled can reduce the energy needed to produce new materials. This reduces the demand for energy-intensive raw material extraction and processing, which is often reliant on imported resources. Similarly, buildings designed to be energy-efficient from the outset, with materials that can be reused or recycled, contribute to long-term energy savings.
Activity:  Outline one example of the effectiveness of energy conservation and one example of energy efficiency not listed here

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energy security

7.2.7 Energy security for a country means access to affordable and reliable sources of energy. Through energy-efficiency measures, decreasing reliance on imported energy supplies and diversification, a country can improve its energy security.
  • Explain how energy efficiency measures can contribute to improving a country's energy security.
  • Describe two ways in which a country can decrease its reliance on imported energy supplies.
Energy security is a critical aspect of a country’s stability and development. It refers to the ability of a nation to secure access to affordable, reliable, and sustainable energy sources to meet its needs. Energy security is vital for economic growth, national security, and the well-being of citizens. A country can improve its energy security through various strategies, including energy efficiency measures, reducing reliance on imported energy supplies, and diversifying its energy sources. However, energy security is not just about ensuring supply for those who have access; it also involves addressing issues of environmental justice, particularly energy poverty, which affects millions of people in the Global South.

Energy Security Strategies
  • Energy Efficiency Measures:
    • Reducing Consumption: By adopting energy efficiency measures, a country can lower its overall energy demand, making it less dependent on both domestic and imported energy sources. Energy-efficient technologies, such as LED lighting, energy-efficient appliances, and better insulation in buildings, reduce the amount of energy needed to perform the same tasks, thereby improving energy security.
    • Economic Benefits: Energy efficiency also has economic benefits, as it reduces energy costs for consumers and businesses, freeing up resources for other areas of the economy.
  • Decreasing Reliance on Imported Energy Supplies:
    • Energy Independence: Countries that rely heavily on imported energy are vulnerable to external shocks, such as geopolitical conflicts, supply chain disruptions, and price volatility. By investing in domestic energy sources—such as renewables (wind, solar, hydro) or domestic fossil fuels—a country can decrease its dependence on foreign energy supplies, enhancing its energy security.
    • Strategic Reserves: Maintaining strategic reserves of critical energy resources, like oil and gas, can provide a buffer against supply disruptions and ensure continuous access to energy during crises.
  • Diversification of Energy Sources:
    • Energy Mix: Diversifying the energy mix by incorporating various energy sources—such as renewable energy, nuclear power, and natural gas—reduces the risks associated with relying on a single source. A diversified energy portfolio is more resilient to supply disruptions and market fluctuations, thereby improving energy security.
    • Innovation and Technology: Investing in new technologies, such as battery storage, smart grids, and hydrogen energy, can further enhance a country’s ability to manage its energy supply effectively and securely.

Environmental Justice and Energy Poverty
  • Energy Poverty:
    • Global Disparities: Energy security also includes ensuring that all citizens have access to the energy needed to meet their basic needs. In the Global South, millions of people live in energy poverty, lacking sufficient energy to support essential activities like cooking, heating, and lighting. This situation severely impacts human development, affecting food security, clean water access, health care, housing, transportation, and education.
    • Health and Environmental Impacts: In lower-income households, the primary energy sources available are often biomass fuels like wood, charcoal, and animal dung. These fuels are burned in inefficient stoves, producing harmful air pollutants that degrade air quality, harm human health, and contribute to environmental degradation
  • Addressing Environmental Justice:
    • Equitable Access: Achieving true energy security involves addressing environmental justice by ensuring that all individuals, regardless of income or location, have access to affordable, clean, and reliable energy. This requires targeted policies and investments in clean energy technologies, infrastructure, and education to alleviate energy poverty.
    • Sustainable Solutions: Introducing sustainable energy solutions, such as clean cookstoves, solar panels, and mini-grids, can help lower-income communities access cleaner energy, reduce health risks, and protect ecosystems. These solutions not only improve quality of life but also contribute to broader energy security by reducing the pressure on national energy systems.
​Rich people use electricity or gas to cook. But 30% of the world do not have access to these clean, modern energy sources. 
Application of skills: Investigate graphical representations of how use of energy sources changes over
time, both globally and by country. Compare these changes and their impacts.
Investigate secondary data sources, such as Gapminder, Our World in Data and World Bank, to compare
the types and amount of energy used by different societies.
Use graphs and statistical tests to show results.

energy sources

7.2.8 The global economy mostly depends on finite reserves of fossil fuels as energy sources; these include coal, oil and natural gas.
  • Describe two factors that influence the rate of depletion of fossil fuel reserves.
  • Explain how the discovery of new fossil fuel deposits can impact the timeline for their final depletion
The global economy has long been dependent on fossil fuels—coal, oil, and natural gas—as the primary sources of energy. These fossil fuels have powered industrialization, transportation, and modern conveniences, making them integral to economic growth and development. However, fossil fuels are finite resources, and their continued use raises concerns about sustainability and environmental impact. The timelines for the final depletion of these fossil fuels depend on several critical factors, including the rate of consumption, discovery of new deposits, advancements in extraction technology, and the transition to alternative energy sources such as renewables or nuclear power.

​Factors Influencing the Depletion of Fossil Fuels
  • Rate of Consumption:
    • Current Consumption Trends: The rate at which fossil fuels are consumed plays a significant role in determining how long current reserves will last. Rapid industrialization, population growth, and increasing energy demands in emerging economies contribute to higher consumption rates.
    • Projected Growth: Global energy demand is expected to rise in the coming decades, particularly in developing regions. If the current rate of consumption continues or accelerates, fossil fuel reserves could be depleted more quickly.
  • Discovery of New Deposits:
    • Exploration Efforts: The discovery of new fossil fuel deposits can extend the timeline for depletion. Advances in geological surveying and exploration technologies have led to the identification of previously unknown reserves.
    • Economic Viability: Not all discovered deposits are economically viable to extract. The cost of extraction, political stability, and environmental regulations influence whether new deposits can be tapped into. For example, oil reserves in remote or politically unstable regions may remain unexploited.
  • Developments in Extraction Technology:
    • Enhanced Recovery Techniques: Technological advancements have improved the efficiency of fossil fuel extraction. Techniques such as hydraulic fracturing (fracking) and deepwater drilling have unlocked access to reserves that were previously considered too difficult or expensive to extract.
    • Environmental and Economic Costs: While these technologies can extend the life of fossil fuel reserves, they often come with increased environmental risks and higher extraction costs, which can impact the overall feasibility of continued fossil fuel reliance.
  • Increased Use of Renewables:
    • Transition to Renewable Energy: The global shift towards renewable energy sources such as wind, solar, and hydropower is reducing the reliance on fossil fuels. As countries invest more in renewable energy infrastructure, the demand for fossil fuels may decline, potentially slowing the rate of their depletion.
    • Government Policies and Incentives: Policies promoting renewable energy adoption, such as subsidies, tax incentives, and carbon pricing, can accelerate the transition away from fossil fuels, further influencing the timeline for their depletion.
  • Increased Use of Nuclear Power:
    • Nuclear Energy as an Alternative: Nuclear power is another alternative to fossil fuels, offering a low-carbon energy source that can provide large-scale, continuous power. As more countries consider or expand their nuclear energy capacity, the demand for fossil fuels could decrease, affecting the depletion timeline.
    • Challenges and Considerations: However, the expansion of nuclear power faces challenges, including public concerns about safety, high initial costs, and the long-term management of nuclear waste. These factors can slow the adoption of nuclear power as a widespread alternative to fossil fuels.

Implications of Fossil Fuel Depletion
  • Economic Impact:
    • Energy Prices: As fossil fuel reserves become scarcer, the cost of extraction is likely to increase, leading to higher energy prices. This could have significant economic implications, particularly for energy-dependent industries and low-income households.
    • Economic Transition: Economies heavily reliant on fossil fuels may face challenges in transitioning to alternative energy sources. This transition could involve significant economic restructuring, job displacement, and the need for new infrastructure investments.
  • Environmental Impact:
    • Climate Change: Continued reliance on fossil fuels contributes to greenhouse gas emissions and climate change. The depletion of fossil fuels may coincide with worsening environmental conditions unless a transition to cleaner energy sources is achieved.
    • Ecosystem Degradation: The extraction and use of fossil fuels have already caused significant environmental damage, including habitat destruction, air and water pollution, and loss of biodiversity. These impacts may worsen as more difficult-to-extract reserves are tapped.
​7.2.9 Nuclear power is a non-renewable, low-carbon means of electricity production.
  • Define nuclear fission and explain how it is used to generate electricity in nuclear power plants.
  • State two advantages and two disadvantages of using nuclear power as a source of electricity.
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Nuclear power is a significant part of the global energy mix, providing a low-carbon, non-renewable source of electricity. Unlike fossil fuels, nuclear power plants emit very little carbon dioxide during operation, making them an attractive option for countries seeking to reduce greenhouse gas emissions while maintaining a reliable energy supply. However, nuclear energy is not without its drawbacks, including environmental risks and the challenge of managing radioactive waste.
How Nuclear Power Works
​Nuclear power stations primarily obtain energy through nuclear fission, the process of splitting the nuclei of uranium or plutonium atoms. When these atoms split, they release a tremendous amount of heat, which is used to generate steam. This steam drives turbines, producing electricity.
  • Fuel Sources: Uranium and plutonium are both finite, non-renewable resources.
  • Fission Reactions: Controlled splitting of atomic nuclei releases energy.
  • Electricity Production: Heat from fission reactions is converted into electricity through steam turbines.


Advantages of Nuclear Power
  1. Low Carbon Emissions: Nuclear energy produces negligible carbon emissions during operation, making it one of the cleanest energy sources available in terms of greenhouse gas output.
  2. Reliable, Constant Energy Supply: Nuclear power plants provide a stable and continuous supply of electricity, unlike intermittent renewable sources such as wind and solar. This makes nuclear energy ideal for maintaining a baseload of energy, ensuring that electricity is available around the clock.
  3. Low Operating Costs: While nuclear power plants are expensive to build, their long-term operating costs are relatively low, as the fuel costs are less volatile compared to fossil fuels.
Disadvantages of Nuclear Power
  1. High Construction Costs: Building a nuclear power plant requires a large initial investment, and construction can take years or even decades. This makes nuclear power more financially demanding compared to other energy sources.
  2. Uranium Mining’s Environmental Impact: Extracting uranium from the Earth has significant environmental consequences, including habitat destruction, water contamination, and the generation of radioactive tailings.
  3. Thermal Pollution: Nuclear power plants require large amounts of water for cooling. The discharge of warm water into nearby rivers or oceans can disrupt local ecosystems, altering water chemistry and affecting aquatic life.
  4. Nuclear Accidents: Although rare, accidents like Chernobyl and Fukushima have highlighted the catastrophic risks associated with nuclear power. These incidents cause long-term environmental damage and raise serious public health concerns.
  5. Radioactive Waste: Nuclear power generates highly radioactive waste, which remains hazardous for thousands of years. This waste must be stored in specially designed containers that shield the environment from radiation. Currently, most waste is stored indefinitely, and finding long-term solutions for managing this waste remains a significant challenge.
Radioactive Waste Management
  • Short-Term: Waste is initially stored in water pools to cool down and contain radiation.
  • Long-Term: Once cooled, the waste is transferred to dry cask storage—massive containers designed to prevent radiation leakage. However, this is a temporary solution, and finding safe, permanent storage facilities for high-level radioactive waste is a pressing issue.
  • Environmental Risks: If storage systems fail, there is a risk of environmental contamination, which would have far-reaching consequences for ecosystems and human health.
Case Study: France’s Nuclear Power Program


France is one of the world’s largest users of nuclear power, generating approximately 70% of its electricity from nuclear reactors. The country has made significant investments in nuclear energy as part of its strategy to reduce carbon emissions and ensure energy security. France has also developed advanced systems for handling and storing nuclear waste, although long-term solutions are still under discussion.
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The Future of Nuclear EnergyThe debate around nuclear power remains polarized. While it offers clear advantages in reducing carbon emissions and providing reliable energy, its environmental risks, high costs, and long-lasting waste are significant barriers to widespread adoption. Some countries, like Germany, are phasing out nuclear power due to public opposition, while others, like China and the U.S., continue to invest in nuclear technology as part of their broader energy strategies.
7.2.10 Battery storage is required on a large scale to meet global requirements for reduction of carbon emissions, but it requires mining, transporting, processing and construction, all of which produce emissions and pollution, and cause sociopolitical tensions.
  • Define the role of battery storage in reducing carbon emissions from renewable energy sources.
  • Outline two environmental impacts associated with the mining of materials used in lithium-ion batteries.
Battery storage is a key technology for reducing carbon emissions and ensuring the reliable use of renewable energy sources like wind and solar power. As renewable energy becomes more widespread, the need for large-scale battery storage increases. Batteries enable the storage of energy when renewable sources are unavailable (e.g., during calm or cloudy days). However, the production and deployment of battery technologies come with significant environmental and sociopolitical challenges.

Battery Storage and Carbon Emission Reduction
Batteries are essential for storing renewable energy to ensure continuous power supply. For example:
  • Solar Power: Energy is stored during the day and released at night.
  • Wind Power: Energy is stored during windy periods and released during calm weather. However, while batteries are vital for reducing reliance on fossil fuels, their production involves complex processes that have their own environmental and social costs.


Environmental Impact of Battery Production
Batteries, especially lithium-ion batteries used in electric vehicles (EVs) and grid storage, require the mining, transportation, and processing of several rare elements:
  • Lithium
  • Cobalt
  • Nickel
  • Graphite These elements are essential for battery construction but come with significant environmental costs:
  • Mining Pollution: The extraction of these materials can result in land degradation, deforestation, and water contamination from toxic chemicals used in processing.
  • Ocean Pollution: Runoff from mining operations can reach the oceans, affecting marine ecosystems.
  • Mine Tailings Dams: These are used to store mining waste. Failures of such dams can cause widespread environmental damage, including water pollution and ecosystem destruction.

Sociopolitical Tensions and Geopolitical Conflicts
The demand for elements like lithium and cobalt is global, but their production is concentrated in a few countries. This creates a range of issues:
  • Concentration of Supply: Countries such as Chile, Australia, and China dominate lithium production, while the Democratic Republic of Congo (DRC) controls most cobalt supply.
  • Geopolitical Conflicts: The unequal distribution of these resources often leads to geopolitical tensions, as countries compete to secure their supply of essential materials. This has resulted in strained international relations and conflicts over access to mining rights.
  • Exploitation and Labor Concerns: In regions where these elements are mined, there are often concerns about poor labor practices, including child labor, unsafe working conditions, and exploitation in countries like the DRC, where cobalt is mined.
  • Sociopolitical Instability: The concentration of wealth and power around these elements can lead to corruption and sociopolitical instability in mining regions.

The Future of Battery Technology

​Efforts are underway to address the environmental and sociopolitical challenges associated with battery production:
  • Sustainable Mining Practices: New technologies are being developed to reduce the environmental impact of mining and processing, such as recycling materials from old batteries.
  • Alternative Battery Technologies: Research into solid-state batteries and sodium-ion batteries may reduce the reliance on lithium and cobalt, lessening the environmental and social impacts of current battery technologies.
  • International Collaboration: Global efforts to establish ethical supply chains and improve labor standards are essential to ensuring that the shift to renewable energy and battery storage does not come at the cost of human rights and environmental degradation.
Case Study: Lithium in Battery Production
Lithium is a critical component of lithium-ion batteries, which are widely used in electric vehicles (EVs) and renewable energy storage systems. The demand for lithium has surged due to the global shift towards low-carbon technologies, but its production poses several challenges:
  • Mining Operations: Lithium is primarily extracted from brine pools in countries like Chile and Argentina. These operations consume large amounts of water, depleting local water resources and affecting local agriculture and communities.
  • Environmental Concerns: The evaporation process used in lithium extraction can lead to land degradation and water pollution.
  • Social Impact: Local communities often suffer from water shortages due to lithium mining operations. In some cases, these operations have led to protests and social unrest.
Key Terms
Energy Sources
Renewable Energy
Non-Renewable Energy
Wind Energy
Solar Energy
​Circular Economy
Sustainability

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​Energy Poverty
Global Energy Consumption
Energy Demand
Peak Demand
Peak Shaving
Fission
​Battery Storage
Tidal Energy
Geothermal Energy
Hydropower
Biomass
Fossil Fuels
​Pollution
Greenhouse Gas Emissions
Coal
Oil
Natural Gas
Nuclear Energy
Energy Consumption
​Energy Transition
Energy Security
Energy Efficiency
Energy Conservation
Intermittency
Energy Storage
Battery Storage
Pumped Hydroelectric Storage (PHS)
Fuel Cells
Environmental Justice
Classroom Materials
Subtopic 7.2 Energy Sources Presentation.pptx
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File Type: pptx
Download File
Subtopic 7.2 Energy Sources Workbook.docx
File Size: 2171 kb
File Type: docx
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​Energy Sources Project
Energy Resources Case Study

Case Studies
  • Detailed examples of the advantages and disadvantages of various energy sources, including: non-renewables (oil, coal, gas, nuclear) and renewables (solar, wind, hydro, tidal, biomass, geothermal) 
  • One detailed case study of the energy security and strategies of a given country (eg. Ethiopia, Denmark) 
​

France's Energy Change - Natural Gas Europe 3 Feb 2014
How 11 Countries Are Leading The Shift To Renewable Energy
​​​​​​​​Correct use of terminology is a key skill in ESS. It is essential to use key terms correctly when communicating your understanding, particularly in assessments. Use the quizlet flashcards or other tools such as learn, scatter, space race, speller and test to help you master the vocabulary.
Useful Links

​​Fossil Fuels vs Renewable Energy from Ecology
Peak Oil Clock - Deans Corner
Fossil Fuel Formation
This interactive animation explains how photovoltaic panels convert sunshine to electricity.
Energyville Game - Chevron
Global Crisis Response Group on Food, Energy and Finance - UN Global Crisis Group
In The News

​​Harvesting ‘limitless’ hydrogen from self-powered cells - BBC Science and Environment News 20 September 2011
Himalayas could become the Saudi Arabia of solar - New Scientist Technology News 18 October 2011
Nuclear Power in France - World Nuclear Association Feb 2014
Here’s an article about natural gas production and populations of pronghorn antelope and elk in Wyoming, USA - New Scientist Environment News 4 May 2012
Plastics To Oil - NPR March 19, 2012
Inside the Fukashima Power Plant - BBC News 7 November 2013
Light From Plastic Bottles - wimp.com
Who Pays for Green of Germany - BBC News 27 February 2013
The use of palm oil  for biofuel and as  biomass for energy - Friends of the Earth
Port Augusta ‘busting a gut’ to reinvent itself as a solar city when coal-fired power is switched off” - Guardian on Mar.23, 2016,
International Mindedness
  • Choice of energy sources can have impacts at both local and global level as emissions of greenhouse gases can contribute to global climatic change.
  • Political and economic situations around the world can affect energy security and choice of options.
TOK:
  • The choice of energy sources is controversial and complex—how can we distinguish between a scientific claim and a pseudoscience claim when making choices?

Video Clip
Fossil fuels have powered human growth and ingenuity for centuries. Now that we're reaching the end of cheap and abundant oil and coal supplies, we're in for an exciting ride. While there's a real risk that we'll fall off a cliff, there's still time to control our transition to a post-carbon future.
Today, we consume a truly vast amount of energy - with demand continuing to skyrocket at an alarming rate. We know that producing this energy has significant environmental impacts and emitting so much carbon dioxide into the atmosphere could cause catastrophic climate change
How much land mass would renewables need to power a nation like the UK? An entire country's worth. In this pragmatic talk, David MacKay tours the basic mathematics that show worrying limitations on our sustainable energy options and explains why we should pursue them anyway
Blind Spot is a documentary film that illustrates the current oil and energy crisis that our world is facing. Whatever measures of ignorance, greed, wishful thinking, we have put ourselves at a crossroads, which offer two paths with dire consequences. 
Bill Gates talks about the future of energy usage and his investments in alternatives to fossil fuels.
Anything with the word nuclear next to it usually comes with a fair bit of misunderstanding. Hopefully this video demystifies the process of how nuclear fuels are turned into electricity and how we can use them in combination with renewables in order to reduce greenhouse gas emissions and the effects on the climate that come with high levels of them.
For the Baltic States, the pursuit of energy independence is about more than reliable energy sources – it’s about political freedom.  In today’s security context, many dimensions of energy security have become increasingly important.
This episode stars Nobel Peace Prize-winner Muhammad Yunus, who founded the Grameen Shakti organization in Bangladesh distributes small solar systems and portable bio-gas systems to rural Bangladeshis, empowering women and the poor in the process
The United Kingdom: Case Study