AMAZING WORLD OF SCIENCE WITH MR. GREEN
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  • IBDP Environmental Systems and Societies
    • ESS Topics >
      • Statistical Anaylsis
      • ESS Topic 1 Foundations of ESS >
        • ESS Topic 1.1: Environmental Value Systems
        • ESS Topic 1.2: Systems and Models
        • ESS Topic 1.3: Energy and Equilibria
        • ESS Topic 1.4: Sustainability
        • ESS Topic 1.5: Humans and Pollution
      • ESS Topic 2 Ecosystems and Ecology >
        • ESS Topic 2.1: Species and Population
        • ESS Topic 2.2: Communities and Ecosystems
        • ESS Topic 2.3: Flows of Energy and Matter
        • ESS Topic 2.4: Biomes, Zonation and Succession
        • ESS Topic 2.5: Investigating Ecosystems
      • ESS Topic 3: Biodiversity and Conservation >
        • ESS Topic 3.1: Introduction to Biodiversity
        • ESS Topic 3.2: Origins of Biodiversity
        • ESS Topic 3.3: Threats to Biodiversity
        • ESS Topic 3.4: Conservation of Biodiversity
      • ESS Topic 4: Water and Aquatic Food Production Systems and Society >
        • ESS Topic 4.1: Introduction to Water Systems
        • ESS Topic 4.2: Access to Fresh Water
        • ESS Topic 4.3: Aquatic Food Production Systems
        • ESS Topic 4.4: Water Pollution
      • ESS Topic 5:Soil Systems and Terrestrial Food Production Systems and Society >
        • ESS Topic 5.1: Introduction to Soil Systems
        • ESS Topic 5.2: Terrestrial Food Production Systems and Food Choices
        • ESS Topic 5.3: Soil Degradation and Conservation
      • ESS Topic 6: Atmospheric Systems and Society >
        • ESS Topic 6.1: Introduction to the Atmosphere
        • ESS Topic 6.2: Stratospheric Ozone
        • ESS Topic 6.3: Photochemical Smog
        • ESS Topic 6.4: Acid Deposition
      • ESS Topic 7: Climate Change and Energy Production >
        • ESS Topic 7.1: Energy Source and Security
        • ESS Topic 7.2: Climate change – Causes and Impacts
        • ESS Topic 7.3: Climate change – Mitigation and Adaptation
      • ESS Topic 8: Human System and Resource Use >
        • ESS Topic 8.1: Human Populations Dynamics
        • ESS Topic 8.2: Resource Use in Society
        • ESS Topic 8.3 Solid Domestic Waste
        • ESS Topic 8.4 Human Population Carrying Capacity
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  • IBDP Biology
    • IB Biology SL Topics >
      • Statistical Anaylsis
      • Topic 1: Cell Biology >
        • Topic 1.1 Introduction to Cells
        • Topic 1.2 Ultra-Structure of Cells
        • Topic 1.3 Membrane Structure
        • Topic 1.4 Membrane Transport
        • Topic 1.5 Origin of Cells
        • Topic 1.6: Cell Division
      • Topic 2: Molecular Biology >
        • Topic 2.1:Molecules to Metabolism
        • Topic 2.2 Water
        • Topic 2.3: Carbohydrates and Lipids
        • Topic 2.4: Proteins
        • Topic 2.5: Enzymes
        • Topic 2.6: Structure of DNA and RNA
        • Topic 2.7: DNA Replication, Transcription and Translation
        • Topic 2.8 Cellular Respiration
        • Topic 2.9: Photosynthesis
      • Topic 3: Genetics >
        • Topic 3.1: Genes
        • Topic 3.2: Chromosomes
        • Topic 3.3: Meiosis
        • Topic 3.4: Inheritance
        • Topic 3.5: Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology
      • Topic 4: Ecology >
        • 4.1 Species, Communities and Ecosystems
        • 4.2 Energy Flow
        • 4.3 Carbon Cycle
        • 4.4 Climate Change
      • Topic 5: Evolution and Biodiversity >
        • Topic 5.1 Evidence for Evolution
        • Topic 5.2 Natural Selection
        • Topic 5.3: Classification of Biodiversity
        • Topic 5.4: Cladistics
      • Topic 6: Human Physiology >
        • Topic 6.1: Digestion and Absorption
        • Topic 6.2: The Blood System
        • Topic 6.3: Defense Against Infectious Disease
        • Topic 6.4: Gas Exchange
        • Topic 6.5: Neurones and Synapses
        • Topic 6.6: Hormones, Homeostasis and Reproduction
    • IB Biology HL Topics >
      • Topic 7: Nucleic Acids >
        • Topic 7.1 DNA Structure and Replication
        • Topic 7.2 Transcription and Gene Expression
        • Topic 7.3 Translation
      • Topic 8: Metabolism, Cell Respiration and Photosynthesis >
        • Topic 8.1 Metabolism
        • Topic 8.2 Cell Respiration
        • Topic 8.3 Photosynthesis
      • Topic 9: Plant Biology >
        • Topic 9.1 Transport in the Xylem of Plants
        • Topic 9.2 Transport in the Phloem of Plants
        • Topic 9.3 Growth in Plants
        • Topic 9.4: Reproduction in Plants
      • Topic 10: Genetics and Evolution >
        • Topic 10.1: Meiosis
        • Topic 10.2: Inheritance
        • Topic 10.3: Gene Pools and Speciation
      • Topic 11: Animal Physiology >
        • Topic 11.1 Antibody Production and Vaccination
        • Topic 11.2: Movement
        • Topic 11.3: The Kidney and Osmoregulation
        • Topic 11.4: Sexual Reproduction
    • Options >
      • Option D: Human Physiology >
        • D1: Human Nutrition (Core)
        • D2: Digestion (Core)
        • D3: Function of the Liver (Core)
        • D4: Function of the Heart (Core)
        • D5: Hormones and Metabolism (HL)
        • D6: Transport of Respiratory Gases (HL)
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  • Grade 10 MYP Biology
    • Grade 10 Topic 1: Blood and Circulation
  • Grade 9 MYP Biology
    • Grade 9 Topic 1: Life Processes
    • GR9 Topic 2: Cells
    • GR 9 Topic 3: Macro Molecules
    • GR9 Topic 4 Cellular Movement
    • GR 9 Topic 5: Transport In Plant
    • GR 9 Topic 6 Enzymes
    • GR 9 Topic 7 Microscopy
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topic 5: Materials

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In this unit we will be looking at atoms, elements and compounds. All matter is made from atoms. Atoms are very, very small. A molecule is formed when atoms join together by chemical bonds. There are many different elements, which are made up of atoms. Elements can be divided into metals and non-metals. Chemical symbols and formula are used to represent elements and compounds. There are over a hundred different types of atom, called elements. The atoms of a particular element are identical to each other. They cannot be changed chemically into any different element.

Define matter as anything that has both mass and volume.
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Matter is all the “stuff” that exists in the universe. Everything you can see and touch is made of matter, including you! The only things that aren’t matter are forms of energy, such as light and sound. In science, matter is defined as anything that has mass and volume. Mass and volume measure different aspects of matter.
  • Mass is a measure of the amount of matter in a substance or an object.
  • Volume is a measure of the amount of space that a substance or an object takes up. 

Outline the basic structure of an atom (simple Bohr model to include protons, electrons, neutrons)
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Atoms are the basic units of matter and the defining structure of elements. Atoms are made up of three particles: protons, neutrons and electrons.

Protons and neutrons are heavier than electrons and reside in the center of the atom, which is called the nucleus. Electrons are extremely lightweight and exist in a cloud orbiting the nucleus. 



Identify the terms atomic number and atomic mass
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The atomic number of an atom is the number of protons it contains. All the atoms of a particular element have the same atomic number (number of protons). The atoms of different elements have different numbers of protons. For example, all oxygen atoms have 8 protons and all sodium atoms have 11 protons.

The mass number of an atom is the total number of protons and neutrons it contains. The mass number of an atom is never smaller than the atomic number. It can be the same, but is usually bigger.

Identify how elements are arranged in patterns in the Periodic Table
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Elements are arranged in the Periodic Table in order of increasing atomic number. The Periodic Table allows chemists to make accurate predictions of physical properties and chemical behaviour for any element based on its position. Features of the table are; Groups- vertical columns within the table which will contain elements with similar chemical properties resulting from a common number of electrons in the outer shell, Periods- rows of elements arranged with increasing atomic number demonstrating an increasing number of outer electrons and a move from metallic to non-metallic characteristics. Key groups of elements which can be recognised are metals and non-metals, alkali metals, halogens, noble gases and transition elements. The gaseous elements are generally to be found clustered in the top right corner of the table.

Utilize the periodic table as tool to identify the atomic number and atomic mass of an element
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The periodic table of the elements contains a wide variety of information such as element symbols, atomic number and atomic mass is most common, but the periodic table can contain even more data than previously expected. This will show you how to use a periodic table to gather information about the elements.
The periodic table contains informative cells for each element arranged by increasing atomic number and chemical properties. 

Describe the properties of  metals and non-metals
Metals:
Strong
Malleable and ductile
React with oxygen to form basic oxides
Sonorous
High melting and boiling points
Good conductors of electricity
Good conductors of heat
Mainly solids at room temp. 
Shiny when polished
When they form ions, the ions are positive
High density
Non Metals:
Brittle
Brittle
React with oxygen to form acidic oxides
Dull sound when hit with hammer
Low melting and boiling points
Poor conductors of electricity
Poor conductors of heat
Exception mercury - liquid at room temp. Solids, liquids and gases at room.temp.
Dull looking
When they form ions, the ions are negative - except hydrogen that forms a positive ion, H+.
Low density
                            Common Metals and Non-Metals
Metals:
Calcium
Potassium
Lead
Copper
Aluminium
Zinc
Lithium
Non-metals:
Sulphur
Oxygen
Chlorine
Hydrogen
Bromine
Nitrogen
Helium
The uses of metals are related to their properties:
  • They are made into jewellery due to their hard and shiny appearance.
  • They are used to make pans, since they are good conductors of heat.
  • They are used in electrical cables, because they are malleable, ductile and good conductors of electricity.
  • They are strong so used to build scaffolding and bridges.
  • They make a ringing sound, sonorous, hence their use in bell making.

The uses of non metals are related to their properties:

  • Used as insulating material around wire cables since they do not conduct electricity.
  • Used to make pan handles as they are poor conductors of heat.

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Distinguish between:
  1. Single atoms
  2. Molecules composed of atoms from one element (H2 /O2/S8)
  3. Molecules composed of atoms of different elements in compounds (CO2/H2O/CH4/O2)

Chemists like to classify things. One way that chemists classify matter is by its composition. All matter can be classified as mixtures, elements and compounds. All matter is composed of atoms and groups of atoms bonded together, called molecules. Substances that are made from more than one type of atom bonded together are called compounds. Compounds and elements that are combined physically, but not chemically, are called mixtures. 

Mixtures
  • Two or more substances that are not chemically combined with each other- they are mixed together.
  • Mixtures can be separated by physical means.
  • The “things” in a mixture keep their individual properties.
Elements
  • Simplest form of pure substance.
  • They cannot be broken down into anything else by physical or chemical means.
Compounds 
  • Pure substances that are composed of two or more elements chemically bonded together.
  • Compounds can be broken into simpler substances by chemical mean
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Use symbols in equations
Pictureimage from bbcbitsize.com
Use of chemical symbols represent the elements. For example, C stands for carbon, O stands for oxygen, S stands for sulphur and Na stands for sodium. For a molecule use the chemical symbols of the atoms it contains to write down its formula.

The formula for carbon monoxide is CO. It tells you that each molecule of carbon monoxide consists of one carbon atom joined to one oxygen atom. Take care when writing your symbols and formulae. Be careful about when to use capital letters. For example CO means a molecule of carbon monoxide but Co is the symbol for cobalt.

If the molecule contains more than one atom of an element we use numbers to show this. The numbers are written below the element symbol. For example, the formula for carbon dioxide is CO2 . It tells you that each molecule has one carbon atom and two oxygen atoms.

Take care when writing these formulae. The small number go at the bottom. For example CO2 is correct but CO2 is wrong.

Some formulae are more complicated. For example, the formula for sodium sulphate is Na2SO4 . It tells you that sodium sulphate contains two sodium atoms (Na2 ), one sulphur atom (S) and four oxygen atoms (O4 )

Write word equations
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A word equation describes a chemical change using the names of the reactants and products. To write a word equation, write the names of the reactants to the left of the arrow separated by a plus sign; write the names of the products to the right of the arrow, also separated by plus signs

NEVER USE AN EQUAL (=) SIGN

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Explain how recycling can save resources and energy
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Recycling means to use something again. Newspapers can be used to make new newspapers. Aluminum cans can be used to make new aluminum cans. Glass jars can be used to make new glass jars. Recycling often saves energy and natural resources through conservation.

It almost always takes less energy to make a product from recycled materials than it does to make it from new materials. Using recycled aluminum scrap to make new aluminum cans, for example, uses 95 percent less energy than making aluminum cans from bauxite ore, the raw material used to make aluminum.

Natural resources are riches provided courtesy of nature. Natural resources include land, plants, minerals, and water. By using materials more than once, we conserve natural resources. In the case of paper, recycling saves trees and water. Making a ton of paper from recycled stock saves up to 17 trees and uses 50 percent less water.

Key Terms
elements
electron shell
nobel gas
ferrous
group
compound
bond
mass
re-use
sustainable
atoms
chemical symbol
alkali metal
molecule
period
chemical reaction
mineral
conduct
recycle
protons
metals
mallleable
mixture
metalloid
physical reaction
oxide
insulator
renewable
electrons
non metals
brittle
compound
homogeneous
solute
reactants
matter
pollution
neutrons
halogen
ductile
atomic number
heterogeneous
solvent
substrate
reactivity
plastics
Class Assignments
Atoms Family (pdf)
Adapot An Element (pdf)
Atomic Math Challenge (pdf)
Chemistry Scavenger Hunt
Meeting The elements Song worksheet
Atoms and Elements Revision Poster
Counting Atoms
Periodic Table Basics
Periodic Table Revision map
Messing With Mixtures practical

Useful Links

Matter from Chem4Kids
Atoms from Chem4Kids
Periodic Table and Elements from Chem4Kids
Name That Atom
Check out this video clip on "Atoms".
Science Spot
BBC Bitesize Atoms, Elements and Compounds
BBC Bitesize Atoms and Elements Activity
Royal Society of Chemistry Interative Periodic Table
Royal Society of Chemistry Periodic Table Podcast
Comic Book Periodic Table



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Video Clips
Have fun with Bill Nye as he talks about atoms and elements
Science expert Emerald Robinson explains what an atom is.
Scientists at the University of California Los Angeles have found a way to create stunningly detailed 3D reconstructing of platinum nanoparticles at an atomic scale. These are being used to study tiny structural irregularities called dislocations.
Just how small are atoms? And what's inside them? The answers turn out to be astounding, even for those who think they know. This fast-paced animation uses spectacular metaphors (imagine a blueberry the size of a football stadium!) to give a visceral sense of the building blocks that make our world.
Hank gives us a tour of the most important table ever, including the life story of the obsessive man who championed it, Dmitri Mendeleev. The periodic table of elements is a concise, information-dense catalog of all of the different sorts of atoms in the universe, and it has a wealth of information to tell us if we can learn to read it.
The elements had been listed and carefully arranged before Dmitri Mendeleev. They had even been organized by similar properties before. So why is Mendeelev's periodic table the one that has endured? Lou Serico explains via Ekaaluminium, an element whose existence Mendeelev predicted decades before it was discovered.
A fun way to learn the elements of the periodic table
BBC Bitesize KS3 Revision Metals and Nonmetals
 BBC Bitesize KS3 Revision Elements, Compounds and Mixtures
This documentary is about the importance of recycling and changing our habits to preserve our planet.
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