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        • ESS Topic 1.4: Sustainability
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      • ESS Topic 2 Ecosystems and Ecology >
        • ESS Topic 2.1: Species and Population
        • ESS Topic 2.2: Communities and Ecosystems
        • ESS Topic 2.3: Flows of Energy and Matter
        • ESS Topic 2.4: Biomes, Zonation and Succession
        • ESS Topic 2.5: Investigating Ecosystems
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        • ESS Topic 3.2: Origins of Biodiversity
        • ESS Topic 3.3: Threats to Biodiversity
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        • ESS Topic 4.4: Water Pollution
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        • ESS Subtopic 2.1:​ Individuals, Populations, Communities, and Ecosystems
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option c.2: communities and ecosystems

Picture

Essential idea:
  • Changes in community structure affect and are affected by organisms.
Nature of science:
  • Use models as representations of the real world—pyramids of energy model the energy flow through ecosystems. (1.10)
Understandings
C 2.1 U Most species occupy different trophic levels in multiple food chains.
C 2.2 U A food web shows all the possible food chains in a community
C 2.3 U The percentage of ingested energy converted to biomass is dependent on the respiration rate.
C 2.4 U The type of stable ecosystem that will emerge in an area is predictable based on climate.
​C 2.5 U In closed ecosystems energy but not matter is exchanged with the surroundings.
C 2.6 UDisturbance influences the structure and rate of change within ecosystems
Application
C 2.1 A Conversion ratio in sustainable food production practices.
C 2.2 A Consideration of one example of how humans interfere with nutrient cycling.
Skills
C 2.1 S Comparison of pyramids of energy from different ecosystems.
C 2.2 S Analysis of a climograph showing the relationship between temperature, rainfall and the type of ecosystem.
C 2.3 S Construction of Gersmehl diagrams to show the inter-relationships between nutrient stores and flows between taiga, desert and tropical rainforest
​C 2.4 S Analysis of data showing primary succession.
C 2.5 S Investigation into the effect of an environmental disturbance on an ecosystem. (Guidance: ​Examples of aspects to investigate in the ecosystem could be species diversity, nutrient cycling, water movement, erosion, leaf area index, among others.)
Key Terms

Classroom Assignments:

​
Useful Links
In the News
​Theory of knowledge:
  • Do the entities in scientists’ models, for example trophic levels or Gersmehl diagrams, actually exist, or are they primarily useful inventions for predicting and explaining the natural world?
Video Clips
Reference sites

​i-Biology 
Click4Biology
Online IB Biology Subject Guide
BioNinja
Biology For Life
IB Biology Help
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